Held: Section 633a(a) prohibits retaliation against a federal employee who complains of age discrimination. Pp. 3–16.

    (a) In so concluding, the Court follows the reasoning of two prior decisions ruling that retaliation is covered by similar language in other antidiscrimination statutes. First, in Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc., 396 U. S. 229 , the Court held that a retaliation claim could be brought under 42 U. S. C. §1982, which provides that “[a]ll citizens … shall have the same right … as is enjoyed by white citizens … to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property.” While §1982 does not use the phrase “discrimination based on race,” that is its plain meaning. See, e.g., Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Ed., 544 U. S. 167 . Second, the Jackson Court, id., at 173–174, relied on Sullivan in holding that Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U. S. C. §1681(a), which prohibits “discrimination” “on the basis of sex” in educational programs receiving federal aid, reached retaliation against a public school teacher for complaining about sex discrimination in his school’s athletic program. 544 U. S., at 176–177. The ADEA language at issue (“discrimination based on age”) is not materially different from the language at issue in Jackson and is the functional equivalent of the language at issue in Sullivan, see Jackson, supra, at 177. And the context in which the statutory language appears is the same in all three cases: remedial provisions aimed at prohibiting discrimination. Respondent neither asks the Court to overrule Sullivan or Jackson nor questions those decisions’ reasoning, and the Government, both in Jackson and in CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries, ante, p. ___, has specifically urged the Court to follow Sullivan’s reasoning. Pp. 3–6.

    (b) The three grounds on which the First Circuit sought to distinguish Jackson in support of the Circuit’s perception that there is a clear difference between causes of action for discrimination and for retaliation are not persuasive. Pp. 6–9.

        (1) The Circuit places too much reliance on the fact that the ADEA expressly creates a private right of action, whereas the right of action under Title IX, the statute at issue in Jackson, is implied and not express, see Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U. S. 677 . The assertion that this distinction allowed the Jackson Court greater leeway to adopt an expansive interpretation of Title IX improperly conflates the analytically distinct questions whether a statute confers a private right of action and whether the statute’s substantive prohibition reaches a particular form of conduct. Moreover, confusing these questions would lead to exceedingly strange results. For example, Title IX’s prohibition of “ discrimination” “on the basis of sex” either does or does not reach retaliation, and the presence or absence of another statutory provision expressly creating a private right of action cannot alter §1681(a)’s scope. Pp. 6–7.

        (2) Also unavailing is the Circuit’s attempt to distinguish Jackson on the ground that retaliation claims play a more important role under Title IX than under the ADEA. This argument ignores the basis for Jackson, which did not hold that Title IX prohibits retaliation because such claims are important as a policy matter, but, instead, relied on an interpretation of the “text of Title IX.” 544 U. S., at 173, 178. Jackson’s statement that “teachers … are often in the best position to vindicate [student] rights,” id., at 181, did not address the question whether the statutory term “discrimination” encompasses retaliation, but was made in response to the school board’s argument that only a “victim of the discrimination,” not third parties, should be allowed to assert a retaliation claim, id., at 179–182. P. 8.

        (3) Finally, the Circuit’s attempt to distinguish Jackson on the ground that Title IX was adopted in response to Sullivan, whereas there is no evidence in the ADEA’s legislative history that §633a was adopted in a similar context, is rejected. Jackson did not identify any legislative history evidence, but merely observed that because “Congress enacted Title IX just three years after Sullivan,” it was “ ‘realistic to presume that Congress was thoroughly familiar with [Sullivan] and … expected [Title IX] to be interpreted in conformity with [it].” 544 U. S., at 176. What Jackson said about the relationship between Sullivan and Title IX’s enactment can also be said about the relationship between Sullivan and §633a’s enactment, since the latter provision was enacted just five years after Sullivan was decided and two years after Title IX was enacted. Pp. 8–9.

    (c) Respondent’s other arguments supporting the contention that §633a(a) does not encompass retaliation claims are rejected. Pp. 10–16.

        (1) Respondent places too much reliance on the presence of an ADEA provision specifically prohibiting retaliation against individuals complaining about private-sector age discrimination, §623(d), and the absence of a similar provision in §633a. Because §§623 and 633a were enacted seven years apart rather than simultaneously, see Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U. S. 320 , and because they are couched in very different terms—with §§623(a)(1)–(3) listing specific forbidden employer practices in contrast to §633a(a)’s broad prohibition of “discrimination”—the absence of a federal-sector provision similar to §623(d) does not provide a sufficient reason to depart from Sullivan and Jackson. Pp. 10–12.

        (2) There is even less merit in respondent’s reliance on §633a(f), which provides that personnel actions by a federal entity covered by §633a “shall not be subject to, or affected by, any provision of this chapter” other than §633a and §631(b), which restricts ADEA coverage to persons at least 40 years old. Respondent’s contention that recognizing federal-sector retaliation claims would make §623(d) applicable to federal-sector employers in contravention of §633a(f) is unsound because the Court’s holding today is not based on §623(d) but on §633a(a) itself, “unaffected by other [ADEA] sections,” Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U. S. 156 . P. 13.

        (3) Also unavailing is respondent’s argument that the history of congressional and Executive Branch responses to discrimination in federal employment demonstrates that when Congress enacted §633a, it anticipated that the pre-existing reprisal regulations of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) would be extended to cover federal-sector age discrimination and be the exclusive avenue for asserting retaliation claims. This argument is not supported by direct evidence, but rests on unsupported speculation, and, in any event, is self-contradictory in that, if §633a(a) does not confer an antiretaliation right, there is no reason to assume that Congress expected the CSC to issue new regulations prohibiting retaliation. Pp. 13–14.

        (4) Respondent’s final argument—that sovereign immunity principles require that §633a(a) be read narrowly as prohibiting substantive age discrimination but not retaliation—is unpersuasive. The rule of construction requiring that “[a] waiver of the Federal Government’s sovereign immunity … be unequivocally expressed in statutory text” and “strictly construed … in favor of the sovereign,” Lane v. PeÅ„a, 518 U. S. 187 , is satisfied here by §633a(c), which unequivocally waives sovereign immunity for a claim brought by “[a]ny person aggrieved” by a §633a violation. Unlike §663a(c), §633a(a) is not a waiver of sovereign immunity; it is a substantive provision outlawing “discrimination.” That the §633a(c) waiver applies to §633a(a) claims does not mean that §633a(a) must surmount the same high hurdle as §633a(c). Pp. 15–16.

476 F. 3d 54, reversed and remanded.

    Alito, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer, JJ., joined. Roberts, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Scalia and Thomas, JJ., joined as to all but Part I. Thomas, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Scalia, J., joined.

Case below: Gómez-Pérez v. Potter (1st Cir 02/09/2007) 
Oral argument:  February 19, 2008. [Transcript] 
Official docket sheet 
Certiorari granted 09/25/2007.  

Question presented:  

Whether the federal-sector provision of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 USC Section 633a, prohibits retaliation against employees who complain of age discrimination.

Certiorari Documents: 

• Petition for Writ of Certiorari 
• Brief of respondent John E. Potter, Postmaster General in opposition
• Reply of petitioner Myrna Gómez-Pérez 
• Brief amicus curiae of AARP

• For Petitioner Gómez-Pérez: Joseph R. Guerra; Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LLP; 1501 K Street, N.W.; Washington, DC  20005; (202) 736-8000. 
• For Respondent Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: Paul D. Clement, Solicitor General; United States Department of Justice; 950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Room 5614; Washington, DC 20530-0001; (202) 514-2217.